9 Species of Hawks in Quebec – Picture and ID Guide

Red-tailed Hawk

Hawks are birds of prey and hunt and eat birds and small mammals, snakes, and frogs. They can see ultraviolet light, which helps them hunt down their prey.

There are 8 species of hawks recognized on state checklists as regularly occurring in Quebec, and an additional species is considered rare or accidental.

To find Hawks head to woodland for the smaller hawks such as the Sharp-shinned Hawk and Cooper’s Hawk or open grassland, marshes, or high ridges for the larger species.

If you enjoy finding out about birds of prey in Quebec then you should check out all the eagles and vultures you can spot here.

This guide will help you identify the species of hawks in Quebec according to avibase and ordered by the number of sighting recorded on ebird. Some of these birds migrate, and some remain all year, and this information is included for each species.

In Quebec, hawks that are more common in summer include Northern Harriers and Broad-winged Hawks and hawks that are more common in winter are the Rough-legged Hawks.

There are 9 species of Hawk in Quebec:

  1. Northern Harrier
  2. Red-tailed Hawk
  3. Sharp-shinned Hawk
  4. Cooper’s Hawk
  5. Rough-legged Hawk
  6. Broad-winged Hawk
  7. Red-shouldered Hawk
  8. Northern Goshawk
  9. Swainson’s Hawk

The 9 Species of Hawk in Quebec:

1. Northern Harrier

Northern Harrier Hawk for identification

In summer, Northern Harriers are the most frequently spotted hawks in Quebec and appear in 6% of checklists. They spend their breeding season in the province and are more commonly seen from April to October.

Northern Harriers are slender with long broad wings and are between the size of a crow and a goose. They often fly with the tips of their wings higher than their bodies in a v-shape. 

Females are brown, and males are gray above and white below, and they have a white rump patch.

  • Length: 18.1-19.7 in (46-50 cm)
  • Weight: 10.6-26.5 oz (300-750 g)
  • Wingspan: 40.2-46.5 in (102-118 cm)
Credit: James Bradley, XC326879. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/326879.

Northern Harriers that breed in Alaska, Canada, the northern Great Plains, and the Northeast before migrating south for the winter to southern states, Mexico and Central America. Those in the middle of the range remain all year.

This slim, longed-tailed hawk can be seen gliding low over grassland or marshes. 

Northern Harriers mostly eat small mammals and small birds. They nest on the ground in dense vegetation such as reeds, willows, or brushtails. They lay 4-5 dull white eggs.

2. Red-tailed Hawk

Red-tailed Hawk

In winter, Red-tailed Hawks are the most frequently spotted hawks in Quebec and appear in 4% of checklists submitted by bird watchers for the state. In summer, they are recorded in 3% of checklists.

Red-tailed Hawks migrate from most of the province in winter, but they are still very common in the southwest of the province near Montreal and Quebec City.

As their name suggests, Red-tailed Hawks have a distinctive short, wide red tail. They are large, with broad, rounded wings. Most Red-tailed Hawks are brown on the back and pale underneath.

They are also the easiest to spot, often on long car journeys, as they circle slowly over open fields looking for prey such as small mammals, birds, and reptiles. You can also see them perched on telephone poles.

Male

  • Length: 17.7-22.1 in (45-56 cm)
  • Weight: 24.3-45.9 oz (690-1300 g)
  • Wingspan: 44.9-52.4 in (114-133 cm)

Female

  • Length: 19.7-25.6 in (50-65 cm)
  • Weight: 31.8-51.5 oz (900-1460 g)
  • Wingspan: 44.9-52.4 in (114-133 cm)

Red-tailed Hawk Call:

The high-pitched descending raspy-screech sound of the Red-tailed Hawk is often used in movies for all birds of prey.

Red-tailed Hawks remain resident in the US and Mexico, but those birds in Alaska, Canada, and the northern Great Plains fly south for winter.

Nests are high in tall trees, cliff ledges, and sometimes on tall buildings or towers. They lay 2-3 whitish, brown-spotted eggs.

3. Sharp-shinned Hawk

Sharp-shinned Hawk for identification

Sharp-shinned Hawks are more likely to be seen in Quebec from April to October. They are seen in the province for the breeding season and appear in 2% of summer checklists.

Adult Sharp-shinned Hawks are small hawks with blue-gray across the back and red-orange breasts. They have dark bands across their tails.

The females are a third larger than the male. They have long square-ended tails, short rounded wings, and small heads.

  • Length: 9.4-13.4 in (24-34 cm)
  • Weight: 3.1-7.7 oz (87-218 g)
  • Wingspan: 16.9-22.1 in (43-56 cm)
Credit: Thiago Augusto Mendes Pinheiro, XC600402. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/600402.

Sharp-shined Hawks that breed in Canada and some northern states migrate south. Those birds in the Appalachians and Western Mountains may remain all year.

Sharp-shined Hawks are very secretive but can be seen as they fly across open areas at the edges of forests. They are very agile and can speed through dense woods to catch their prey in flight, usually songbirds. 

They can sometimes be seen near feeders catching small birds, but if you have problems with them in your backyard, remove the feeder for a few weeks.

Sharp-shinned Hawks pluck their prey on a stump or low branch before eating it. They usually eat songbirds about the size of a robin.

Nests of the Sharp-shinned Hawk are often in conifer trees in dense cover, usually towards the top of tall trees. The nest is quite large, being 1-2 feet in diameter and 4-6 inches deep. They lay 3-8 white or pale-blue mottled eggs.

4. Cooper’s Hawk

Cooper's Hawk

Cooper’s Hawks are most likely to be spotted in Southwest Quebec and are recorded in 2% of summer and winter checklists.

The Cooper’s Hawk looks very similar to the Sharp-shinned Hawk but is bigger at about the size of a crow. They can be hard to identify between them as they have the same blue-gray back and red-orange breast and also with dark bands on the tail.

They have a larger head that projects well beyond the wings, unlike the Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Male

  • Length: 14.6-15.3 in (37-39 cm)
  • Weight: 7.8-14.5 oz (220-410 g)
  • Wingspan: 24.4-35.4 in (62-90 cm)

Female

  • Length: 16.5-17.7 in (42-45 cm)
  • Weight: 11.6-24.0 oz (330-680 g)
  • Wingspan: 29.5-35.4 in (75-90 cm)
Credit: Manuel Grosselet, XC619260. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/619260.

Cooper’s Hawks remain resident over most of the US, but some in the north of the range, including Canada, migrate south for the winter down as far as Mexico and Honduras.

Look out for them at the edge of forests, but they can also be seen at feeders looking for an easy meal.

They feed on medium-sized birds and small mammals and nest in tall trees, often on top of an old nest of a large bird or clump of mistletoe. They lay 2-6 pale blue to bluish-white eggs.

5. Rough-legged Hawk

Rough Legged Hawk

In winter, Rough-legged Hawks are the second most frequently spotted hawks in Quebec and appear in 2% of checklists. They can be most likely seen here from October to May.

However, they can also be found in summer in the north of the province for the breeding season.

The feathered legs give the Rough-legged Hawks their name and help to keep them warm in the arctic. They are fairly large hawks, between the size of a crow and a goose. 

This predominantly dark-drown species occurs in light and dark forms, with dark patches at the bend of the wing, end of their tails, and across the belly. They have broad wings that are relatively long and narrow compared to other hawks.

  • Length: 18.5-20.5 in (47-52 cm)
  • Weight: 25.2-49.4 oz (715-1400 g)
  • Wingspan: 52.0-54.3 in (132-138 cm)
Credit: Tayler Brooks, XC113497. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/113497.

Rough-legged Hawks breed in Alaska and northern Canada before migrating to the US for winter. They are usually sighted hovering over marshes and open fields or perched on a pole.

Lemmings and voles provide most of the prey for Rough-legged Hawks. Voles, mice, ground squirrels, and other small mammals provide winter prey in states such as West Virginia. Nests are usually on a high cliff ledge, and they lay 3-5 pale bluish-white eggs.

6. Broad-winged Hawk

Broad-winged Hawk for identification

In summer, Broad-winged Hawks are the second most frequently spotted hawks in Quebec and appear in 4% of checklists.

They are seen in the south of the province during the breeding season, from late April to September, then they migrate south for the winter.

The Broad-winged Hawk is a compact, stocky bird between the size of a crow and goose. They have reddish-brown heads, barred breasts, and narrowly banded short square tails.

  • Length: 13.4-17.3 in (34-44 cm)
  • Weight: 9.3-19.8 oz (265-560 g)
  • Wingspan: 31.9-39.4 in (81-100 cm)
Credit: Guillermo Funes, XC198375. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/198375.

Broad-winged Hawks breed in the Eastern US and Canada before migrating in large numbers to Central and South America in a swirling flock called a kettle. As a result, the migration in the fall is often the best chance to see them.

Hunting from a perch, often on the edge of woods or water, these hawks eat small mammals, frogs, snakes, and even young turtles.

The Broad-winged Hawk often reuses the nest of another animal, such as a crow or squirrel, and lays 2-3 whitish eggs.

7. Red-shouldered Hawk

Red-shouldered Hawk for identification

Red-shouldered Hawks spend the breeding season in Quebec from March to November and are recorded in 2% of summer checklists. They are mostly seen in the southwest of the province near Montreal and Quebec City.

Red-shouldered Hawks are distinctly marked, with dark and white checkered wings and reddish barring on the breast. They are medium-sized, between the size of a crow and a swan with a strongly banded tail. They make a loud cack-cack-cack-cack call.

  • Length: 16.9-24.0 in (43-61 cm)
  • Weight: 17.1-27.3 oz (486-774 g)
  • Wingspan: 37.0-43.7 in (94-111 cm)

Red-shouldered Hawk Call:

Credit: Phoenix Birder, XC498625. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/498625.

Red-shouldered Hawks are resident in eastern states, but those in the Northeast may migrate further south for winter. These hawks are also residents on the West Coast.

They tend to be seen near wet forests hunting along a stream or pond. Their prey is mammals and frogs or snakes.

Nests are often reused each year in a broad-leaved tree near water. They lay 2-5 white or bluish eggs.

8. Northern Goshawk

Northern Goshawk

Although not very common, Northern Goshawks can be spotted in Quebec, especially in the south of the province. They are mostly spotted from September to October.

Northern Goshawks are the bigger and fiercer relative of the Sharp-shinned and Cooper’s Hawks. They are mostly gray with short, broad wings and a long tail and have a white stripe over their yellow eyes.

  • Length: 20.9-25.2 in (53-64 cm)
  • Weight: 22.3-48.1 oz (631-1364 g)
  • Wingspan: 40.5-46.1 in (103-117 cm)
Credit: Tim Spahr, XC183577. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/183577.

Northern Goshawks are residents in Alaska, Canada, and the mountainous west. Some younger birds may migrate to Central States during the winter.

They live in large forests, so they are hard to find, especially as they are very secretive and can be aggressive if you get too close to a nest.

Northern Goshawks live in large tracks of mostly coniferous or mixed forests. They watch for prey on high perches and mostly eat medium-sized birds and small mammals.

9. Swainson’s Hawk

Swainson’s Hawks are considered an accidental species in Quebec but they were last spotted in the province in 2020.

Swainson’s Hawks are long-winged hawks with short tails and pointed wingtips. They are usually brown or gray mottled on the back and with lighter bellies and brown or red chests.

When in flight, you can see the contrast between the black flight feathers on the lower edges of the wings and tips and the white upper part of the wing (called the linings).

  • Length: 18.9-22.1 in (48-56 cm)
  • Weight: 24.4-48.2 oz (693-1367 g)
Credit: Bruce Lagerquist, XC468974. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/468974.

Swainson’s Hawks can be found in open country in the West and over the Great Plains in the summer before heading to South America for winter in large flocks, reaching into the thousands. They breed as far as British Columbia and Alaska and in the West from the Pacific to the Midwest.

May and September are the best times to see these hawks as they migrate long distances and are famous for providing spectacular displays in the tens of thousands of birds during the day.

Swainson’s Hawks hunt for rodents by perching on any high points, such as utility poles or fences, making them easier to spot in the relatively flat lands where they hunt. If no high points are available, they may be found on the ground in grassland and fields, hunting for insects.

They may also eat Burrowing Owls in areas where they are abundant, but they are not fussy and eat anything from snakes and lizards to bats, mice, and rabbits or crickets and dragonflies.

There are not many nest sites in the open country for Swainson’s Hawks, so they use any trees near fields or low mesquite bushes and power poles. The nests are a large collection of twigs and sticks and can be up to 2 feet wide and up to a foot high. The inside of the nest is lined with softer material, such as dung, bark, wool, and grass.

How Frequently Hawks are Spotted in Quebec in Summer and Winter

Checklists for the state are a great resource to find out which birds are commonly spotted. These lists show which Hawks are most commonly recorded on checklists for Quebec on ebird in summer and winter.

Hawks in Quebec in Summer:

Northern Harrier 6.5%
Broad-winged Hawk 4.6%
Red-tailed Hawk 3.6%
Red-shouldered Hawk 2.8%
Sharp-shinned Hawk 2.5%
Cooper’s Hawk 2.0%
Rough-legged Hawk 0.9%
Northern Goshawk 0.4%
Swainson’s Hawk <0.1%

Hawks in Quebec in Winter:

Red-tailed Hawk 4.3%
Rough-legged Hawk 2.7%
Cooper’s Hawk 2.6%
Sharp-shinned Hawk 1.2%
Northern Goshawk 0.8%
Northern Harrier 0.4%
Red-shouldered Hawk 0.2%
Broad-winged Hawk <0.1%